Exposed baseplates together with anchor bolts are the customary method of connection of steel structures to the concrete footings. Post-Kobe studies revealed that the embedded column bases respond better to the earthquake uplift forces. The embedded column bases also, offer higher freedom in achieving the required STRENGTH, rigidity and ductility. The paper presents the results of the pullout failure of three embedded IPE140 sections, tested under different conditions. The numerical models are then, generated in Abaqus 6.10-1 software. It is concluded that, the steel profiles could be directly anchored in concrete without using anchor bolts as practiced in the exposed conventional column bases. Such embedded column bases can develop the required resistance against pullout forces at lower constructional costs.

In this paper failure mechanism of a joint which was welded by friction stir spot welding method was studied. The 5052 aluminum joint was loaded under TENSILE-shear condition. To find out failure mechanism, several tests were conducted such as: strain-stress, macrography, and Vickers hardness. Results of strain-stress test state the stages of failure and crack initiation and propagation. Macrography analysis was done in several stages with different penetration depths. It was shown that the material flow, the critical surface of the coupon, and the determined zones were more possible to generate crack. Finally, by using Vickers hardness test, the susceptible zones to crack generation and propagation can be specified.

In the present study, the parameters of tool rotation speed, tool travel speed and tool offsetting with different levels were used in the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum-copper tailor welded blanks (TWBs). The FSW of pure copper to 5052 aluminum alloy was carried out by varying tool rotation speeds from 800 rpm to 1200 rpm, tool travel speeds from 40 mm/min to 80 mm/min and tool offsettings from 1 mm to 2 mm. The L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi was used to design 9 experimental tests and each test was repeated three times. The uniaxial TENSILE test based on the ASTM-E8 was used for mechanical properties extraction of TWBs. The tool rotation speed of 1200 rpm, tool travel speed of 60 mm/min and tool offsetting of 1. 5 mm resulted in the optimum range of heat input to form a stir zone with good quality. Using these FSW parameters caused the formation of thin intermetallic layers which stopped the motion of dislocation in the TENSILE test and resulted in higher TENSILE STRENGTH and joint quality. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to scan the TENSILE fracture surface of TWBs.

Background and Aim: Elastomeric ligatures are used to secure archwires into orthodontic brackets, but color changing and deformation and at last torn of them is the most current problem . Due to the lack of knowledge about effect of mouth rinse on the mechanical properties of ligatures, goal of this study was to compare the effect of Oral-B and Orthokin mouth rinse on ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH (UTS) of elastomeric ligatures in 2009 .Materials and Methods: This experimental laboratory-based study was carried out on 100 transparent elastomeric ligatures of Dentaurom Company . After division of ligatures in three groups of Oral-B, Orthokin and artificial saliva, ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH of 10 ligatures from each group were measured after 1, 7 and 28 days and also ten ligatures in as received condition using H & P Testing Machine with 5 mm/min cross head speed . Data were subjected to ANOVA and lSD test .Results: Results showed no significant difference in UTS between Three times in artificial saliva group . UTS in Oral-B and Orthokin group was the least after 28 days, also UTS in three groups after 1, 7, 28 days compared to as received condition has a significant decrease.Conclusion: UTS of elastomeric ligatures decreased after using in different conditions and has a significant decrease in all groups . Thus there is no different between using Oral-B and Orthokin, and it is recommended that all ligatures should be replaced at each visit to reduce risk of tearing.

STRENGTH measurement of rock requires testing that must be carried out on test specimens with particular sizes in order to fulfill testing standards or suggested methods. Often, the coring process breaks up the weaker core pieces, and they are too small to be used in either index tests or conventional STRENGTH tests such as point load index (Is) and Brazilian TENSILE STRENGTH (BTS). One of the index tests to indirectly determine the rock STRENGTH is the block punch index (BPI) test, which requires flat disc specimens without special treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the BPI test for predicting the uniaxial compressive STRENGTH (UCS), BTS and IS of the sandstones by empirical equations. Also, we have compared the performance of the BPI and IS for predicting the UCS and BTS. It was experimentally shown that BPI is a reliable method for predicting the UCS, BTS and Is of the sandstones under study. Moreover, the results indicate that BPI could be utilized with same importance as Is for predicting the UCS, while predicting the BTS by Is appears to be more reliable than BPI.